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Spring 00, Exam 2 |
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Part 1: Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct answer. Only one answer is correct for each question. (1 point each) 1. Seidenberg & McClelland's (1989) parallel distributed processing model of word
recognition and naming predicts that orthographic-phonological regularity will have less
effect on naming times for _____ than for _____. 2. The acoustic properties of many speech sounds vary with context. For example, the
/d/ sound in the word "dig" has very different properties than the /d/ sound in
the word "dug". This illustrates the _____ problem that characterizes speech
perception. 3. A _____ is the smallest unit of meaning in language. 4. The study of how speech sounds are produced is called _____. 5. Native speakers of Japanese have difficulty hearing the difference between the
English words "lag" and "rag". This illustrates _____. 6. _____ explicitly assumes that the structures and processes underlying language
comprehension are independent of the structures and processes that mediate other cognitive
abilities. 7. If Rumelhart and McClelland (1982) had found that letters are just as difficult to
recognize in unpronounceable non-words that share letter combinations with real words
(e.g., "SLNT") as they are in unpronounceable non-words that don't share letter
combinations with real words (e.g., "XLQJ"), then _____ would have been
falsified. 8. McClelland and Rumelhart (1981) found that the difference in activation levels
between high- and low-frequency words in their Interactive Activation Model increases over
processing cycles when both are equally consistent with the input. They refer to this as
the _____ effect. 9. Patients with surface dyslexia have no problem with regular words (e.g.,
"like" and "cane") but are unable to read irregular words (e.g.,
"said" and "lose"). This suggests that they have lost the _____ route
proposed by _____ models of reading (e.g., Coltheart, 1978). 10. Miller & Isard (1963) demonstrated that _____ constraints improve auditory word
recognition. Part 2: Definitions. In just 1 or 2 sentences, give an operational definition for each of the following concepts. Your definition may come from an experiment you are familiar with or you may make up your own definition (as long as it accurately defines the concept and is operational). (2 points each) Grading Criteria:
11. The Neighborhood of the Word "Bike" The neighborhood of the word "bike" can be defined as all the
monosyllabic words in the latest edition of Webster's Dictonary that end in
"ike". This would include words like "hike," "mike" and
"trike." 12. Naming Time I would present participants with words on a computer screen and ask them to quickly and accurately pronounce each word as it appeared. Naming Time could then be defined a the time (in msec.) that elapsed between the presentation of the letters and the detection of a response by a voice-activated relay. 13. Sentence Verification Time As in a typical sentence verification experiment, I would ask show participants some sentences on a computer screen and ask them to indicate whether each is true or false by pressing a YES or NO button as quickly as possible. Sentence Verification Time could then be defined as the time that elapses between the presentation of a sentence, and a correct button press. 14. Lexical Decision Reaction Time I would present participants with letter strings on a computer screen and ask them
to press one key if the letters form a word, or another key if they do not. Lexical
decision reaction time could then be defined a the time between the presentation of the
letters and the pressing of a key (as measured by the computer). 15. The Dominant Meaning of an Ambiguous Word To determine the dominant meaning of an ambiguous word such as "bug" I would ask 50 people to use it in a sentence, then I would count the number of sentences that (in my judgement) made use of each meaning listed in the latest edition of Webster's Dictonary (e.g., "insect" and "listening device"). If one meaning was used in at least 30 of the sentences (60% of the total) I would take that to be the dominant meaning, otherwise there would be no dominant meaning for the word. Part 3: Short Essay. Answer each of the following questions using no more than half of a page for each. (5 points each) 16. In a form of dyslexia called "letter-by-letter" reading, patients are said to read words one letter at a time, rather than recognizing words all at once. Design an experiment to test this claim. Be sure to specify, using operational definitions and/or examples where they are appropriate, what your independent and dependent variables would be. What pattern of results would you expect to see if this claim is true? What pattern would you expect to see if it is false? Grading Criteria:
Example Answer: 17. Some psychologists have argued that morphologically complex words (such as "unhappy") are not represented in the lexicon. They argue that such words are recognized by accessing and then combining their constituent parts (e.g. "un" and "happy"). Design an experiment to test this hypothesis. Be sure to specify (using operational definitions) what your independent and dependent variables would be. What pattern of results would you expect to see if the hypothesis is true? What pattern would you expect to see if it is false? (Hint: You may wish to consider frequency effects.) Grading Criteria:
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