Christopher J. Patrick Professor N416 Elliott Hall, (612) 626-9918 cpatrick@umn.edu Education Ph.D., 1987, University of British Columbia

Statement of Interests

My research is concerned with investigating basic affective and cognitive processes through use of psychophysiological and behavioral measures, and investigating the role of emotion in psychological disorders. The clinical phenomena that interest me most are psychopathy, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and pathological fear.

I have a particular interest in paradigms and measures that permit inferences about underlying brain systems involved in processing and reacting to emotional stimuli. In this regard, a focus of my research over the past several years has been on the eyeblink startle reflex as a measure of the valence (pleasantness) component of emotion. During the past several years, I have been using this tool to investigate abnormalities in the processing of emotional stimuli by psychopathic criminals. Findings to date indicate that the core personality features of psychopathy are associated with a heightened threshold for shifting from a state of attentive engagement (orienting) to one of defensive mobilization. A recent extension of this work involves the investigation of the genetic and brain bases of individual differences in trait fear and fearlessness in monozygotic and dizygotic twins recruited from the local community.

My most recent research has also been utilizing event-related brain potential (ERP) measurement to investigate affective and cognitive processes, and I am moving toward the use of brain imaging (fMRI) techniques as well. Other physiological response measures that I use routinely in my research include electrodermal and cardiovascular (heart rate) activity, facial muscle (EMG) response, and post-auricular reflex.

Another major focus of my current research is on the externalizing spectrum of adult psychopathology, which encompasses child and adult antisocial behavior as well as alcohol and drug problems. My co-investigators on this project are Robert Krueger and William Iacono. The specific aims of the project are: (1) To develop and operationalize a hierarchical model of externalizing behavior that encompasses the core vulnerability construct, from the normal through the abnormal range, as well as its distinctive behavioral manifestations. (2) To identify psychobiological markers of the externalizing construct and to explore the neuro-cognitive mechanisms underlying externalizing behavior. (3) To advance clinical conceptualization and assessment of extreme externalizing individuals who pose a documented risk to others or themselves.

In other collaborative research, I am investigating the effects of alcohol (and other drugs) on emotional response. This work has led us to theorize that alcohol does not alter emotional response directly, but rather does so through its impact on higher cognitive functions such as attention and memory. In studies currently underway, we are testing this hypothesis directly by recording indices of both cognition and emotion during performance of complex emotional processing tasks. Besides helping to elucidate the effects of alcohol on human behavior, this work is serving as a model of disinhibitory processes associated with externalizing disorders.

Finally, in addition to studies of on-line emotional processing, I am interested in affective individual differences as indexed by self-report and observer ratings. A particular focus has been on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen, 1982), which assesses temperament-related personality traits. I have collaborated with Professor Tellegen on the development of an abbreviated form of this instrument for research screening purposes, and am currently working with him on an easy-reading version for children and adolescents. My substantive interests in the personality area include trait correlates of psychopathy, antisociality, aggression, and alcohol abuse.

Publications

Patrick, C. J. (2006). Handbook of psychopathy. New York: Guilford Press.

Articles/Chapters

Bernat, E. M., Hall, J. R., Steffen, B. V., & Patrick, C. J. (accepted, pending revision).  Violent offending predicts P300 amplitude: Controlling for IQ, age, and task performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology.

Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Nichol, P. E., & Krueger, R. F. (in press). A bifactor approach to modeling the structure of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders.

Zolondek, S., Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., & Fowler, K. A. (in press). The Interpersonal Measure of Psychopathy: Construct and incremental validity in male prisoners. Assessment.

Patrick, C. J., Edens, J. F., Poythress, N., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Benning, S. D. (in press). Construct validity of the PPI two-factor model with offenders. Psychological Assessment.

Patrick, C. J. (in press). Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy.  To appear in: W. O’Donohue, K. A. Fowler, & S. O. Lilienfeld (Eds.), Handbook of personality disorders. New York: Sage.

Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J.  (in press). Psychopathy and negative affectivity: Analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with trait anxiety, depression, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Patrick, C. J., & Bernat, E.  (in press). The construct of emotion as a bridge between personality and psychopathology.  To appear in: R. F. Krueger & J. Tackett (Eds.), Personality and psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press.

Patrick, C. J., & Verona, E. (in press). The psychophysiology of aggression: Autonomic, electrocortical, and neuro-imaging findings. To appear in: D. Flannery, A. Vazsonyi, & I. Waldman (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of violent behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Krueger, R. F. (in press). The externalizing spectrum: Structure and mechanisms.  To appear in: D. Barch (Ed.), Cognitive and affective neuroscience of psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Patrick, C. J. (in press). Getting to the heart of psychopathy. In: H. Hervé, & J. C. Yuille (Eds.), The psychopath: Theory, research, and social implications. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Patrick, C. J. (in press). Affective processes in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: A dual-process model. To appear in: J. Rottenberg & S. Johnson (Eds.), Emotion and psychopathology: Bridging affective and clinical science. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

LaRowe, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Curtin, J. J. (in press). Startle habituation and within-subject regression: Reliability and personality correlates. Biological Psychology.

Patrick, C. J., Bernat, E., Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., Krueger, R. F., & McGue, M. K. (2006). P300 amplitude as an indicator of externalizing in adolescent males. Psychophysiology, 43, 84-92.

Bernat, E., Patrick, C. J., & Benning, S. D. (2006). Effects of picture content and intensity on affective physiological response. Psychophysiology, 43, 93-103.

Verona, E., Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2006). Psychopathy and suicidal behavior in female offenders: Mediating influences of temperament and abuse history. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1065-1073.

Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G.  (2006). Continuity and change in psychopathic personality traits: A longitudinal-biometric study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 85-95.

Patrick, C. J. (2006). Preface. In: C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. xiii-xvi). New York: Guilford Press.

Patrick, C. J. (2006). Back to the future: Cleckley as a guide to the next generation of psychopathy research. In: C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 605-617). New York: Guilford Press.

Iacono, W. G., & Patrick, C. J. (2006). Polygraph ("lie detector") testing: Current status and emerging trends. In I.B. Weiner & A. Hess (Eds.), Handbook of forensic psychology, 3rd ed. (pp. 552-588). New York: Wiley.

Patrick, C. J., & Hall, J.  (2006). Individual differences and delinquent behavior.  In: R. Colom & C. Flores-Mendoza (Eds.), Introduction to the psychology of individual differences (pp. 412-432). Porto Allegre, Brazil: ArtMed Publishers.

Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., & Lang, A. R. (2005). Relations between psychopathy facets and externalizing in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 339-356.

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Estimating facets of psychopathy from normal personality traits: A step toward community-epidemiological investigations. Assessment, 12, 3-18.

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Salekin, R. T., & Leistico, A. R. (2005). Convergent and discriminant validity of psychopathy factors assessed via self-report: A comparison of three instruments. Assessment, 12, 270-289.

Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K.  (2005). Psychopathic personality traits: Heritability and genetic overlap with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 35, 637-648.

Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Externalizing psychopathology in adulthood: A dimensional-spectrum conceptualization and its implications for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 537-550.

Sellbom, M., Ben-Porath, Y., Graham, J. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Patrick, C. J. (2005). Assessing psychopathic personality traits with the MMPI-2. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 334-343.

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Fearlessness and underarousal in psychopathy: Startle blink modulation and electrodermal reactivity in a young adult male community sample. Psychophysiology, 42, 753-762.

Hicks, B. M., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., & Newman, J. P. (2004). Identifying psychopathy subtypes based on personality structure. Psychological Assessment, 16, 276-288.

Hall, J., Benning, S. D., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Criterion-related validity of the three-factor model of psychopathy: Personality, behavior, and adaptive functioning. Assessment, 11, 4-16.

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2004). Emotional modulation of the post-auricular reflex. Psychophysiology, 41, 426-432.

Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2004). Psychopathy and physiological response to emotionally evocative sounds. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 99-108.

Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., & Patrick, C. J.  (2004). The family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 922-928.

Krueger, R. F., Nichol, P. E., Hicks, B. M., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2004). Using latent trait modeling to conceptualize an alcohol problems continuum. Psychological Assessment, 16, 107-119.

Larowe, S. D., Kline, J. P., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Defensiveness is related to increased startle magnitude. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1441-1451.

Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350.

Casbon, T. S., Curtin, J. J., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2003). Deleterious effects of alcohol intoxication: Diminished cognitive control and its behavioral consequences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 476-487.

Cuthbert, B. N., Lang, P. J., Strauss, C., Drobes, D., Patrick, C. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2003). The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery. Psychophysiology, 40, 407-422.

Blonigen, D. M., Carlson, S. R., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2003). A twin study of self reported psychopathic personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 179-197.

Reardon, M. L., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2002). Antisociality and alcohol problems: An evaluation of subtypes, drinking motives, and family history in incarcerated men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 1188-1197.

Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002). Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Psychological Assessment, 14, 150-163.

Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2002). A direct assessment of the role of state and trait negative emotion in aggressive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 249-258.

Miller, M. W., Patrick, C. J., & Levenston, G. K. (2002). Startle responding during text-prompted imagery:  Probing specific emotions, personal experiences, and mechanisms of modulation. Psychophysiology, 39, 519-529.

Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411-424.

Flor, H., Birbaumer, N., Hermann, C., Ziegler, S., & Patrick, C. J. (2002). Aversive Pavlovian conditioning in psychopaths: Peripheral and central correlates. Psychophysiology, 39, 505-518.

Patrick, C. J. (2001). Emotional processes in psychopathy. In A. Raine & J. Sanmartin (Eds.), Violence and psychopathy (pp. 57-77). New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Curtin, J. J., Patrick, C. J., Lang, A. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Birbaumer, N. (2001). Alcohol affects emotion through cognition. Psychological Science, 12, 527-531.

Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Joiner, T. T. (2001). Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 462-470.

Levenston, G. K., Patrick, C. J., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). The psychopath as observer: Emotion and attention in picture processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 373-385.

Miller, M. W., & Patrick, C. J. (2000). Trait differences in affective and attentional responding to threat revealed by emotional Stroop interference and startle response modulation. Behavior Therapy, 31, 757-776.

Verona, E., & Patrick, C. J. (2000). Suicide risk in externalizing syndromes: Temperamental and neurobiological underpinnings. In T. E. Joiner (Ed.), Suicide science: Expanding the boundaries, pp. 137-173. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Patrick, C. J. (2000).  Emociones y psicopatia. In A. Raine & J. Sanmartin (Eds.), Violencia y psicopatia (pp. 89-118). Barcelona: Ariel.